《聖戰家園》講的是一個好領導人的故事。八八水災剛過，馬政府面對排山倒海的批評，領導人看了這部片，或許能更了解民眾所詬病的地方為何；而人民面對何謂好領導人的這個問題，可能有許多人都答不出來。片中的圖維亞也許不是十全十美的人，但他的某些精神與人格特質，將帶給我們許多啟發。我第二次觀看本片，正好遇上這場政治土石流，所以看起來特別有感覺。
Difiance talks about a story of a good leader. You must see this movie especially in this time when everyone is arguing about what a good leader is.
貝斯基兄弟(Bielski Brothers)的父母死後，兄弟四人在森林聚首，年紀最小的亞羅(Arol)帶來十多位逃難的猶太人，大哥圖維亞(Tuvia)似乎接受了這些人，但排行老二的祖斯(Zus)卻質問：「我們如何養活他們」？
After Bielski Brother’s parents are killed, they meet in the forest. Then, their youngest brother Arol brings other Jews to them, and Zus raises doubts about “how they can feed these people”.
幾天後，貝斯基兄弟所營救的這些猶太人，對未來在森林的生活感到不安，他們不確定森林的生活是否真比外部來得好。這時，圖維亞點出了森林生活的意義，他告訴大家：「我們將像其他人自由地生活、有尊嚴地死去」。
These Jews they rescue are unsecure about the future in the forest. They are not sure that the life in the forest is better than that outside. Tuvia tells them:”We’ll live freely as other humans, and We’ll die like human beings”.
為了生存，他們向一些貧窮的波蘭農夫勒索食物。關於這點，圖維亞與祖斯意見相左。圖維亞堅持只拿走他們所需，不濫殺無辜；祖斯認為不如全部拿走且滅口。有一天，他們巧遇俄羅斯的游擊隊，還被稱為「土匪」。圖維亞很不以為然：「你拿食物就是支持，為何我們拿食物就是偷搶」？圖維亞有意與俄羅斯游擊隊合作，但卻遭質疑：「猶太人不會打仗！」但他回答：「這些猶太人會！」
In order to survive, they force some poor Poles to give them food. Tuvia and Zus have different views about this. Tuvis insists that they just take what they need and don’t kill innocent people, whereas Zus thinks that they should take all and kill all. One day, they meet a Russian Partisan and are called as “bandit”. Tuvia dosen’t agree and says:”When you take food it’s support, when you take it’s stealing”. Then Tuvia wants to cooperate with Russian Partisan, but the leader doubted:”Jew can’t fight”. Tuvia replies:”These Jews do”.
當所有猶太人正在勞動，一位知識份子伊薩克(Isaac)向圖維亞建言：「我們必須更強大，但……其他事也很重要」。圖維亞回問：「什麼呢」？伊薩克回道：「我們需要建立一個社群」。圖維亞又問：「該怎麼作呢」？在這一點上，我們又可以看出圖維亞與祖斯的不同，祖斯打從心底認為知識份子無用，但圖維亞卻樂於聆聽他們的意見。
When everyone is working, Issac, an intellectual, gives an advice to Tuvia.
Issac:”We need to be strong, but other things are important too”.
Tuvia:”What”?
Issac:”Community”.
Tuvia:”How”?
In this respect, we can find another difference between Tuvia and Zus. Zus thinks intellectuals are useless, but Tuvia is glad to listen to them.
祖斯漸漸無法容忍圖維亞對其他猶太人的態度。他給圖維亞來一記當頭棒喝：「他們(其他猶太人)根本沒把你放在眼裡，他們只是無法自己戰鬥，才跟隨你」。最終，祖斯還是決定離開，加入俄國游擊隊。
Zus is dissatisfied with the attitude of Tuvia toward other Jews. He tells Tuvia bluntly:”You are nothing to them. They follow you because they can’t fight by themselves”. Zus leaves to fight with Russian Partisan.
祖斯離開後，圖維亞仍持續營救越來越多的猶太人，他甚至深入猶太區(ghetto)，說服幾百位猶太人跟他到森林生活。當「這個社群」日益茁壯，圖維亞也必須設下一些規矩：
1. 每個人都必須勞動。
2. 禁止懷孕。
3. 女性也必須學習射擊，與男性並肩作戰。
Tuvia continues to save more and more Jews. He goes to ghetto to persuade Jews to come with him. As the “community” gets bigger and bigger, Tuvia has to set some rules:
1. Everyone should work.
2. Pregnancy is prohibited.
3. Women should be taught to shoot and fight alongside men.
這部片有很多令人印象深刻的場景，其中之一就是三弟亞賽(Aseal)與海亞(Chaya)的婚禮，我沒想到在如此艱困的處境之下，還能有婚禮、甚至是喪禮，這是身在集中營的猶太人所無法擁有的「正常」生活，我漸漸開始相信圖維亞的承諾……
There are many impressive scenes in this movie, one of which is the wedding of Aseal and Chaya. It’s amazing that in such a difficult situation they can live a normal life which the Jews in prison camps can’t have! Gradually, I start to trust Tuvia’s commitment……
隨著冬季的到來，因為食物短缺，有些人開始想回集中營。圖維亞忍痛殺了自己心愛的白馬……
As winter comes, some Jews wants to return to prison camps because they have nothing to eat. Tuvia decides to kill his favorite white horse…….
其中一位戰士亞卡迪(Arkady)，不滿戰士與其他人吃一樣多的食物，他甚至擾亂紀律，和一群戰士獨占食物，其他人卻餓肚子。圖維亞為了維持秩序，殺了亞卡迪，他說：「每個人吃的食物都一樣多」！
One fighter called Arkady wants more food and rejected by Chaya. In order to maintain the order, Tuvia kills Arkady and tells everyone:”Everyone gets the same amount of food”.
一個納粹軍官隻身闖入，多數猶太人一見到他都難忍憤怒，圖維亞雖然堅持：「我寧願拯救一位猶太老婦，也不願殺害十名納粹軍官」，他仍任由其他人發洩憤懣，打死那位軍官。
A Nazi soldier intrudes into their community. Tuvia let them beat the soldier to death, but he dosen’t feel comfortable because this behavior obviously betrays his belief.
祖斯的手下遭受俄國人的欺凌，他向領導人報告此事，這時他才了解，就算他們有多會戰鬥，仍會因為他們是猶太人而遭歧視。
One Jew is bullied by the Russian soldier, and Zus reports it to the leader. Then, Zus discovers that even though they can fight like others, they are still discriminated because they are Jews.
俄軍撤退，德軍轟炸森林。圖維亞與亞塞帶領大家逃難，到了河邊，圖維亞反而不知所措，亞賽卻扛起責任，告訴大家非過河不可，他說：「沒有不可能的事！我們所作的事，就是不可能的事」。最後，祖斯也回來了，並幫助大家成功抵禦德軍。
At last, Tuvia and Aseal lead other Jews to avoid the bomb attack of German, and have to decide whether they cross the river. Tuvia doesn’t know how to do, yet Aseal insists all they can do is cross the river. He said:”Nothing is impossible. What we have done is impossible”. It’s moving that eventually Zus comes back and help Tuvia defeat the German troops.
之後，貝斯基兄弟所統領的猶太社群，繼續在森林生活兩年多，甚至建了學校、醫院、幼稚園、麵包店，甚至戲院。戰後，貝斯基兄弟也不尋求認可。
Afterwards, they live in the forest for more than two years and build school, hospital, kindergarten, bakery, and theater. After WII, Bielski Brothers don’t seek any recognition.
從這個故事，我們可以看到，一位好的領導人必須具備哪些特質。圖維亞顯然是一位出色的領導，但他也必須與祖斯合作無間。圖維亞對外人與猶太人都很仁慈，對外盡量別殺生，對內盡量救人；他這種不多想、一切先救再說的勇敢，也感染到三弟亞賽，以致於亞賽能在圖維亞不知所措的時候(這一點顯示圖維亞不是神，他也是人，也有無助的時候)，領導大家渡河；反觀祖斯，他特別關注生存，作任何事之前，總是懷疑是否可行，雖然這種心態並沒有錯，但若一直顧慮東顧慮西，也許有很多事都難以完成。
From this story, we can think about features of a good learder. Apparently, Tuvia is an excellent leader, but he has to cooperate with Zus well because Zus is a good fighter. Tuvia is kind either to insiders or outsiders. To Jews, he wants save more people. To Germans or Poles, he doesn’t want kill the innocent. Tuvia is single-minded about saving more Jews, and then his brother Aseal is influenced by this kind of spirit. As a result, when Tuvia dosen’t how to do(It’s worth noting that Tuvia isn’t God, he’s a human too, so he might be helpless), Aseal can lead everyone to cross the river. However, Zus focuses on survival and he always doubts the feasibility first. I don’t mean that Zus is wrong. But if such attitude dominates one’s mind, he/she can’t do many things.
再者，圖維亞心裡只想著救人，他不在乎外人的觀感，但祖斯卻在乎其他猶太人如何看待自己，如果自己對他們只是下等人，何必營救他們，就讓他們自生自滅。還記得一個場景：
亞賽告訴圖維亞：「有人說你貪腐，有人說你上過任何你想要的女人……」
圖維亞：「又怎樣呢」？
亞賽又接著說：「你知道嗎？還有人說你不適合當領導人！」
圖維亞：「也許他們說得對！」
有幾位領導人能對批評泰然處之？有幾位領導人面對批評能不先自我辯解(甚至有些是不實的指控)？而圖維亞就是這樣的人，他不多作辯解，作就對了！只要你做的事是對的，長期下來，人們一定會欣賞你的所作的一切。
Furthermore, Tuvia concentrates on how to rescue more people, and dosen’t care about how others consider him, but Zus does. Zus thinks that if we are nothing to other Jews, we don’t have to save them. There is one scene which touched my heart.
Aseal: ”Some people said, you are corrupt and you have sex with any women you wnat”.
Tuvia: “so what”
Aseal:”Do you know some said you are not a suitable leader”.
Tuvia:”Maybe they are right”.
How many leaders can respond to criticisms calmly? How many leaders can reflect on himself and not defend himself first when facing strong criticisms(even some of them are false accusations)? Tuvia always do what he thinks it’s right, and don’t defend himself. If what you do were right, in the long term people will appreciate your kindness.
圖維亞還隨時準備好犧牲自己的生命、財產與家人，只要一遇上敵人，他一定都打前鋒作戰，遇上飢荒，他殺了自己心愛的白馬。貝斯基社群顯然是個共產社會，每個人必須交出自己的財產，每個人平分食物，每個人都要勞動，其實共產社會的精神最能照顧弱勢或老人，但是在現實生活中，許多共產國家的領導人往往過著比人民還要奢侈的生活，這是他們人民之所以悲慘的原因。而圖維亞大可像多數共產國家的領導人一般，吃得比其他猶太人多，擁有任何他想要的女人，而他值得歌誦的地方，就是他並沒有這麼作。
Tuvia is prepared to sacrifice himself, his property and family. When facing enemies, he always fights for others. When there’s nothing to eat, he kills his favorite horse. Bielski Community obviously is a communist society where everyone should surrender his/her own property, receive the same amount of food, and work. In fact, accoding to the principle of communism, the life of the disabled and elder would be guaranteed. However, in many communist countries, leaders live a luxurious life but the people are miserable. Tuvia can eat more than others, but he didn’t. That’s why we need to mention his behavior.
最後，他的家人也死於德軍手中，所以他特別能體會其他猶太人的痛苦與憤怒。他能任由其他人把落單的德軍打死，即使這違反他的原則。有時候我會想不通，為何圖維亞願意救這些人、不求回報？也許是因為他也有這段痛苦經歷，他能「苦其他猶太人所苦」！
Tuvia’s family are also killed by Germans, so he can be sympathetic to other Jews and understand their anger and pain. He lets others beat the German soldier to death even thought this behavior betrays his belief. I sometime wonder why Tuvia wants to save these people and don’t want any rewards. Maybe he has the same experience as other Jews, so he can “undertand the pain of others”!
圖維亞這位領導人算是《聖戰家園》的核心，如果沒有他，這個社群早就瓦解。他的精神感化了他的兄弟，也許這就是所謂的「上行下效」吧！《紐約時報》曾經訪問兩位生還者，他們把貝斯基兄弟奉為英雄，其中一位K先生說：「我從集中營逃出來，在那裡看到成千上萬的猶太人被殺，但是到了這裡，我看到有槍的戰士們，我感到無比的驕傲……我很難過，我的家人都死了，但是我很高興，我們能夠回擊，還能自由地活著」。
It can be said that Tuvia, the leader, is the core of Defiance. Without him, this community would collapse. His brothers are influenced by his spirit. Maybe this is so-called “if the supervisor behaves badly, the subordinate will follow”. New York Times interviewed two survivors rescued by Bielski Brothers. They consider Bielski Brothers as heros. One of the two survivors said: ”I escaped from prison camp where I saw thousands of Jews being killed, but when I arrive at the Bielski Community, there are all fighters with guns, I’m proud……I’m unhappy that my family are dead, but I’m happy that we can fight back and live freely”.
