New York’s farmers are facing more extreme weather caused by climate change and they are learning to adapt, according to the agriculture chapter of the new statewide climate impacts assessment, led and written by two Cornell researchers.
根據由美國康乃爾大學兩名研究人員領導及撰寫之全州新氣候影響評估的農業章節，紐約農民正面臨著氣候變遷引起之更加極端的天氣。因此，他們正在學習適應。
“We need to be adapting,” said Deborah Aller, extension associate in the Soil Health Program, School of Integrative Plant Science Soil and Crop Sciences Section in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS). “These one-in-100-year weather events, for example, are becoming a lot more frequent and extreme. We need to increase agriculture’s preparedness and farmers’ ability to respond rapidly to the impacts.”
於農業暨生命科學學院(CALS)綜合植物科學系土壤暨作物科學組中，土壤健康計畫的推廣助理(從事教育及社區發展工作的專業人員)，Deborah Aller宣稱：「我們需要適應。譬如，此些百年一遇的天氣事件，正變得更加頻繁且極端。我們需加強農業的準備狀態及農民對此些影響快速作出反應的能力。」
Aller, with Allison M. Chatrchyan , research associate in the School of Integrative Plant Science (CALS) and adjunct professor of environmental law at Cornell Law School, led the working group and wrote the agriculture chapter of the New York State Climate Impacts Assessment, released Feb. 2 by Gov. Kathy Hochul.
Aller，與農業暨生命科學學院(CALS)綜合植物科學系的研究助理 Allison M. Chatrchyan，及康乃爾大學法學院環境法的兼任教授，領導該研究團隊並撰寫了，紐約州氣候影響評估的農業章節，於2024年2月2日，由州長 Kathy Hochul發布。
The overall assessment effort – which was announced in November 2021 – was led by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA). Beyond agriculture, the report focuses on how climate change will impact all sectors of the state economy, including: energy; human health and safety; buildings; ecosystems; society and economy; transportation; and water resources.
總體評估工作，於 2021年11月宣布，由美國紐約州能源研究與發展局(NYSERDA)領導。除了農業之外，該報告也著重於，氣候變遷會如何影響國家經濟的所有部門，包括：能源、人類健康與安全、建築物、生態體系、 社會與經濟、運輸及水資源。
The general assessment – which supports New York state’s environmentally comprehensive Climate Leadership and Communities Protection Act (CLCPA), a law passed in 2019 – found that extreme temperature, precipitation and drought events will likely increase in New York during this century.
該支持紐約州環境綜合氣候領導部門及社區保護法案(CLCPA，2019年通過的一項法律)的整體評估發現，於本世紀期間，紐約的極端氣溫、降雨及乾旱事件可能會增多。
The average temperature statewide has increased by almost 2.6 degrees Fahrenheit from 1901 to 2022. In fact, the warmest 10-year periods in New York’s history have occurred since 2000.
從 1901年到2022年，全州平均溫度已經上升近 2.6℉。事實上，於紐約州歷史中，最熱的10年期間，打從2000 年以來已經發生。
New York’s statewide mean temperatures are projected to increase – from 2.5 to 4.4 degrees Fahrenheit by the 2030s, 3.8 to 6.7 degrees by the 2050s, and 5.1 to 10.9 degrees by the 2080s – relative to a 30-year (1981–2010) baseline, the report said.
該報告陳述，相對於30年(1981年至2010年)的基線，紐約州全州平均溫度預計會升高。在2030年代從2.5 至 4.4℉，在2050年代從3.8 至 6.7℉，在2080年代從5.9 度至10.9℉ 。
The report found that impacts to agriculture involve warmer winters, greater heat stress for animals and crops, more frequent short-term droughts and late spring freezes, increased pest (weeds, disease and insects) pressures and higher production costs.
該報告發現，對農業的影響包括，較暖和的冬季、對動物及農作物更大的熱壓力、更頻繁的短期乾旱與晚春變得極冷、增多的害蟲(雜草、疾病及昆蟲)壓力及較高的生產成本。
In discussing the report, the authors explained how warm spring temperatures in 2023 caused budbreak in perennial fruit crops (apples and grapes), but a late-May freeze resulted in damage to the flowers, destroying much of the season’s crop.
在討論該報告時，撰文者們解釋了，2023 暖和的春季溫度如何導致，於多年生水果作物(蘋果及葡萄)中萌芽。不過， 5月下旬的冰凍導致花朵受損，毀壞大量該季作物。
The report called climate change a “threat multiplier” for the state’s farmers, meaning they already face several stressors, such as tight profit margins and labor shortages, and the impact of climate change exacerbates existing problems. But to farmers’ credit, many are implementing and investing in practices that make their farm businesses more resilient to climate extremes.
該報告認為，對該州農民來說，氣候變遷是一種“威脅倍增器”。這意味著，他們已經面臨多種壓力，諸如吃緊的利潤率與勞動力短缺。因此，氣候變遷的影響加劇了現有問題。不過，對農民的信貸而言，許多人正在實行及投資於，使其農場企業對極端氣候，更有適應力的做法。
The assessment cites Stein Farms in LeRoy and New Moon Farms in Munnsville as examples of New York farmers taking action to dampen the effects of climate change.
該評估引用了，於LeRoy(美國紐約州Genesee縣的一個城鎮)的斯坦因農場及於 Munnsville(美國紐約州麥迪遜縣Stockbridge鎮的一個村莊)的新月農場，作為紐約農民採取行動，來減輕氣候變遷影響的例子。
Housing more than 1,000 cows, Stein Farms built a climate-controlled barn with insulated walls, ceiling fans and side curtains to keep the building cool in summer and warm in the winter. Further, the infrastructure collects and uses water efficiently.
飼養 1千多頭乳牛，斯坦因農場建造了一座，具有隔熱牆、吊扇及側簾，來保持建築物冬暖夏涼之控制氣候的穀倉。此外，該基礎結構物有效地收集及利用水。
At New Moon Farms, owners Chris Ficken ’12 and Sarah Ficken ’11 built a dairy barn that features compostable bedding, which lets the cows stand on a bed of sawdust instead of concrete. This minimizes methane emissions and allows spent material to double as compost for the crop fields, the report said.
於新月農場，場主 Chris Ficken '12 及 Sarah Ficken '11 建造了一座，以可堆肥之墊草為特色的乳牛棚，這讓乳牛站在鋸末而不是混凝土上。報告陳述，這使甲烷排放減至最少量，並使廢棄材料得以兼作農田的堆肥。
Also in the report: The sea level along the state’s coastline has risen almost a foot in the past century, and is projected to increase by another 1 to 2 feet by midcentury. Enduring climate change escalates health and safety risks for New Yorkers, including risks to mental health, it said.
報告中也提到：上個世紀，該州海岸線的海平面上升了近一英尺，預計到本世紀中葉，會再上升1至2英尺。報告陳述，持續的氣候變遷加劇了，紐約州人的健康及安全風險，包括對心理健康的諸多風險。
The state assessment includes a focus on cross-sector impacts, climate justice considerations and the disproportionate impacts on vulnerable communities.
該州評估包括，著重於諸多跨領域的影響、氣候正義重要性及對脆弱社區不成比例的影響。
“Climate change can prompt cascading impacts across many interrelated socioeconomic and environmental systems,” Chatrchyan said. “Impacts in other sectors can ultimately affect agriculture, and agricultural influences can lead to challenges in other sectors, such as human health and water resources.”
Chatrchyan宣稱：「氣候變遷會對諸多相互關聯的社會經濟及環境體系引發級聯的影響。在其他領域的影響最終會影響農業，而農業的影響會在，諸如人類健康及水資源 等，其他領域導致諸多挑戰。」
Farmers and farms across the state need more assistance, the report states.
該報告陳述，全該州的農民及農場需要更多的協助。
“One of our key findings from this work,” Aller said, “is the need for greater technical support, financial assistance and research to support adaptation within the agricultural sector across New York state.”
Aller宣稱：「來自該項研究的主要發現之一，是需要更多的技術支援、財政援助及研究，來支持全紐約州農業領域的適應。」
“New York residents are experiencing the impacts of climate change in real time, causing ripple effects across our state’s agri-food sector and in every facet of our daily lives,” said Benjamin Z. Houlton, the Ronald P. Lynch Dean of CALS. “As New York’s land-grant institution, Cornell CALS is proud to have the opportunity to bring our collective expertise forward to prepare New Yorkers for the impacts of climate change and support them in mitigation strategies to continue to thrive.”
農業暨生命科學學院 Ronald P. Lynch院長，Benjamin Z. Houlton宣稱：「紐約州居民正即時經歷諸多氣候變遷的影響，這在我們全州的農糧部門，及在我們日常生活中的各個方面，引發了連鎖效應。作為接受紐約州贈與土地興辦學院的機構，康乃爾大學農業暨生命科學學院很榮幸，有機會發揮我們的集體專業知識，協助紐約州人做好應對氣候變遷影響的準備，並在緩和策略上支持他們，持續邁向繁榮發展。」
New Yorkers know well the devastating impact of storms, extreme heat and flooding due to our changing climate, Hochul said. “We are arming New Yorkers, businesses, municipalities and industries with the information and tools needed to improve community adaptation and resilience while continuing to lower emissions,” she said.
Hochul表示，紐約州人深知，由於咱們的氣候變遷造成的風暴、酷熱及洪水的破壞性影響。她宣稱：「我們正在為紐約州人、企業、市政當局及工業，提供所需的資訊與工具，來提高社區的適應力及復原力，同時繼續降低排放。」
網址：https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2024/02/nys-agricultural-assessment-cultivates-climate-crisis-solutions
翻譯：許東榮
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