今日放假﹐一CHECK電郵就見到狂歡大寶(按年齡計 E > D >V )SEND來既一般關於心理學既野﹐我知佢一直“好”佛洛伊德﹐而我突然間回想到D野﹐所以打算“成文”順便回應一下大寶同睇番以前學過既野﹐亦俾其他都一樣好學既親友參考一下﹐最好睇完之後係留言版或私底回應一下啦~﹗因為我都幾鐘意聽D心理學說ga~!
FORWARD文章節錄如下。
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按佛洛伊德的理論，人格是一個整體，這整體包括了三部份，分別稱為本我、自我、超我。人格中的三個部分，彼此交互影響，在不同時間內，對個體產生不同的作用。
本我（id）
是人格結構中最原始部分，從出生日起算即已存在。構成本我的的成分是人類的基本需求，如飢、渴、性三者均屬之。本我中之需求產生時，個體要求立即滿足，故而從支配人性的原則言，支配本我的是唯樂原則。例如嬰兒每感飢餓時即要求立刻餵奶，決不考慮母親有無困難。
自我（ego）
是個體出生後，在現實環境中由本我中分化發展而產生，由本我而來的各種需求，如不能在現實中立即獲得滿足，他就必須遷就現實的限制，並學習到如何在現實中獲得需求的滿足。從支配人性的原則看，支配自我的是現實原則。此外，自我介於本我與超我之間，對本我的衝動與超我的管制具有緩衝與調節的功能。
超我（superego）
是人格結構中居於管制地位的最高部分，是由於個體在生活中，接受社會文化道德規範的教養而逐漸形成的。超我有兩個重要部分：一為自我理想，是要求自己行為符合自己理想的標準；二為良心，是規定自己行為免於犯錯的限制。因此，超我是人格結構中的道德部分，從支配人性的原則看，支配超我的是完美原則。
人格發展
人格發展的順序，依次分為五個時期。其中前三個時期是以身體的部位命名。原因是在六歲以前的個體，期本我中的基本需求，是靠身體上的部位獲得滿足的。因此這些部位即稱性感帶區。
佛洛伊德的性心理發展期
佛洛伊德的人格發展理論中，總離不開性的觀念，所以他的發展分期解釋，就被稱為性心理發展期。
１口腔期（oral stage，０～１歲）
原始慾力的滿足，主要靠口腔部位的吸允、咀嚼、吞嚥等活動獲得滿足。嬰兒的快樂也多得自口腔活動。此時期的口腔活動若受限制，可能會留下後遺性的不良影響。成人中有所謂的口腔性格，可能就是口腔期發展不順利所致。在行為上表現貪吃、酗酒、吸煙、咬指甲等，甚至在性格上悲觀、依賴、潔癖者，都被認為是口腔性格的特徵。
２肛門期（anal stage，１～３歲）
原始慾力的滿足，主要靠大小便排泄時所生的刺激快感獲得滿足。此時期衛生習慣的訓練，對幼兒言是重要關鍵。如管制過嚴，可能會留下後遺性的不良影響。成人中有所謂的肛門性格者，在行為上表現冷酷、頑固、剛復、吝嗇等，可能就是肛門性格的特徵。
３性器期（phallic stage，３～６歲）
原始慾力的需求，主要靠性器官的部位獲得滿足。此時幼兒喜歡觸摸自己的性器官，在性質上已算是「手淫」的開始。幼兒在此時期已能辨識男女性別，並以父母中之異性者為「性愛」的對象。於是出現了男童以父親為競爭對手而愛母親的現象，這現象稱為戀母情結，同理女童以母親為競爭對手而愛戀父親的對象，則稱為戀父情結。
４潛伏期（latent stage，７歲至青春期）
七歲以後的兒童，興趣擴大，由對自己的身體和父母感情，轉變到周圍的事物，故而從原始的慾力來看，呈現出潛伏狀態。此一時期的男女兒童之間，在情感上較前疏遠，團體性活動多呈男女分離趨勢。
５兩性期（genital stage，青春期以後）
此時期開始時間，男生約在１３歲，女生約在１２歲，此時期個體性器官成熟生理上與心理上所顯示的特徵，兩性差異開始顯著。自此以後，性的需求轉向相似年齡的異性，開始有了兩性生活的理想，有了婚姻家庭的意識，至此，性心理的發展以臻成熟。
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Sigmund Freud 呢套理論﹐我早在兩年前淺淺學過﹐當時好記得個位我好欣賞既instructor Gloria Mitchell 話﹕我呢個心理學博士話﹐佛洛伊德係痴線既偉大心理學家﹗
佢唔完全認同Freud﹐唔“FOND OF”上面個套包括infantile sexuality既Development theory。我呢﹐就抱著“幾得意”既心態“接受”呢番理論﹐當係有需要個陣可以用作考慮之用﹐唔﹐都唔可以話太肯定個隻﹐畢竟呢科唔係我專業(<----﹗﹗﹗乜台長有其他科有D乜專業知識架咩﹗??﹗)。
但係﹐(老師又話)Freud既功勞係好大。(大係邊呢?)大係佢既 psychoanalysis 思想。佢好似係會去研究人既潛意識既先鋒之一。佢提出左好多非常有用論點去support佢既theory﹐用左好多日常生活例子﹐多數都類似係﹐你做一樣好平凡普通既事﹐都可能係因為某種潛意識作怪。
呢段係我既NOTES到見到改篇而成。本PSYCHOLOGY TEXT我早已經賣左﹐所以冇得用D太concrete既examples。
The Theory of the Unconscious
Freud was arguably the first thinker to apply deterministic principles systematically to the sphere of the mental, and to hold that the broad spectrum of human behaviour is explicable only in terms of the (usually hidden) mental processes or states which determine it. Thus, instead of treating the behaviour of the neurotic as being causally inexplicable - which had been the prevailing approach for centuries -
Freud insisted, on the contrary, on treating it as behaviour for which is meaningful to seek an explanation by searching for causes in terms of the mental states of the individual concerned. Hence the significance which he attributed to slips of the tongue or pen, obsessive behaviour, and dreams - all, he held, are determined by hidden causes in the person's mind, and so they reveal in covert form what would otherwise not be known at all. This suggests the view that freedom of the will is, if not completely an illusion, certainly more tightly circumscribed than is commonly believed, for it follows from this that whenever we make a choice we are governed by hidden mental processes of which we are unaware and over which we have no control.
嘩﹐果然講得好好。特別係最後個幾隻字 --whenever we make a choice we are governed by hidden mental processes of which we are unaware and over which we have no control.
所以我地成日咪都好似會做埋晒D明知“唔應該”做既事﹐喔﹐係“潛意識”惹的禍。
Men are strong only so long as they represent a strong idea.
They become powerless when they oppose it.
—Sigmund Freud
好多人記得Freud係因為佢個套將性連到人生每一個層面上既理論﹐但係佢好多偉大既貢獻係佢因為想defend佢呢套唔被人睇好既理論而做既其他所有功夫﹐而就如我個instructor咁﹐認同佢用來support個套development theory既野而始終唔認同套development theory。
Freud's innovative treatment of human actions, dreams, and indeed of cultural artefacts as invariably possessing implicit symbolic significance has proven to be extraordinarily fecund, and has had massive implications for a wide variety of fields, including anthropology, semiotics, and artistic creativity and appreciation in addition to psychology. Freud's most important and frequently re-iterated claim, that with psychoanalysis he had invented a new science of the mind, remains the subject of much critical debate and controversy.
教完佛洛伊德既功勞之後﹐我記得instructor就講下Freud既私生活﹐佢仲話﹐佢一定唔會做freud既老婆﹐因為freud成日用“做實驗”既理由同實驗室助手 have sex﹐好記得﹐唔知係唔係真。我仲記得Freud好似有會令人好痛好痛既Jaw Cancer﹐同最惜既女兒﹐老婆同實驗室助手係英國渡過最後既日子﹐而佢當時就已經係一個好受人注目既學界巨子。
People did not believe in my facts and thought my theories unsavory. In the end, I succeeded, but the struggle is not yet over.
—Sigmund Freud
以下有一個我覺得幾有趣﹐學Freud要學埋既point﹕
'psychic energy'﹕that the human personality is also an energy-system, and that it is the function of psychology to investigate the modifications, transmissions, and conversions of 'psychic energy' within the personality which shape and determine it. This latter conception is the very cornerstone of Freud's psychoanalytic theory.
好似話Freud係根據當時“新出”既物理學同生化理念而成﹕ the total amount of energy in any given physical system is always constant, that energy quanta can be changed but not annihilated, and consequently that when energy is moved from one part of the system it must reappear in another part. All living organisms, including the human one, are essentially energy-systems to which, no less than to inanimate objects, the principle of the conservation of energy applies
又好似relate到wor。我最享受科學既互動互利互長﹐會見到好多唔關連既野原來都係有關既﹐而且又令人覺悟到自私既發現係唔會被發揚光大既﹐你幾勁都好﹐都有人會知一D你唔知既野﹐所以你最好參與“分享知識”既行列。
不如又講下我個位instructor。係一個好瘦既阿婆﹐有好精彩既人生經歷﹐ 上上下堂會講下﹐好活潑生動既lecturer。除左佢俾我既A+同無限既鼓勵之外﹐佢自己既故仔就係一個好好既人生教材 (台長天性猜疑﹐有時會諗﹐呢D故仔會唔會係佢作出來﹐令學生“墮入圈套”俾心機向理想努力呢?)﹐佢亦成為其中一位令我感受以身作則既威力既老師。
諗諗下﹐我so far都遇過唔少好老師﹐亦可以算我既福氣啦~
唔﹐又或者我好識“偷師”gua﹐呵~
Pic: A drawing of Freud, Cover of one of the Times magazine.
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